Suchergebnisse

Crime in all its manifestations has in recent times increased in such measure in South Africa that it has converted the new democracy into one of the most dangerous countries in the world. Crime took over from political violence as the country's biggest nightmare. At this stage thuggery has become so firmly established that the govennnent finds it extremely difficult to curb the crime and violence that have increased hand over hand.

The earliest political polls took place in America in 1824 in an attempt to assess the outcome of the forthcoming presidential election in which John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson were the candidates. These first attempts to quantify electors' intentions were an unscientific extension of normal journalistic soundings. No attempts were made to ensure that a representative sample was taken, but they provoked interest and caught the eye of politicians. By the end of the nineteenth century, polling methods were more refined and, no doubt, under the influence of social enquiries of a more academic nature, consideration was given to the representativeness of the sample.

From 1935 Dr Malan and Gen. Hertzog were at loggerheads concerning the Afrikaner secret organisation, the Afrikaner Broederbond (AB), with Malan. unlike Hertzog. being a member of this organisation. Since the general election of 1943 United Party (UP) leaders feared the future role of the AB in SA politics. The AB played a leading role in the Dutch Reformed Church of the Afrikaners and in many other spheres. Before the I 948 election Premier Jan Smuts forced AB members to choose between the AB and the civil service. Most of the NP politicians were members of the AB and worked towards a republic for SA, thus the UP regarded the AB as a dangerous society. They believed that the AB also had a financial front working towards winning the next election. The UP believed that the AB had taken over the Ossewa-Brandwag (OB) - a pro-Nazi organisation - after the war. At this stage there were only about 3000 members in the" AB. Notwithstanding this the UP feared that this organisation was striving towards a dominating Afrikaans community for the country as a whole. They also believed that the NP had been responsible for the establishment of the OB during the war years. They told the country that a Malan Government would be the beginning of frustration and ruin. They knew that the influence of the AB would be instrumental in the outcome of the 1948 election and tried to warn electors against an Afrikaner republic and Afrikaner dominance.

Skizzierung der Bestimmungen des Gesetzes. Forderungen nach seiner Abschaffung gehen bis auf das Jahr 1981 zurück. Die 'Progressive Federal Party' (PFP) als Vorreiter einer Öffnung der Parteien für alle Rassen. Innenpolitische Entwicklung und Überlegungen, die zu zunehmendem Druck auf die Regierung im Hinblick auf eine Abschaffung führten, bis diese dann 1985 Wirklichkeit wurde. Die Folgen dieser Abschaffung können heute noch nicht genau übersehen werden, doch wird sie mit Sicherheit auf lange Sicht zu einer grundsätzlichen Veränderung der traditionellen südafrikanischen Parteipolitik führen. (DÜI-Hlb)

The year 1989 will in future generations be known as the annus mirabilis, not only as far as developments in Eastern Europe are concerned, but also within the context of South African politics. The September general elections for the tricameral Parliament marked a turning point in the direction of governmental policies. Nowhere has the changing mood been more clearly demonstrated than in the streets of the cities and towns. A countrywide spate of protest marches has occurred since the historic first government-approved peaceful anti-apartheid march in Cape Town on 13 September 1989, and these have become the most visible symptom of the advance to the so-called 'new South Africa'.

Offiziell genehmigte Protestmärsche und Demonstrationen sind seit der ersten friedlichen Anti-Apartheid-Demonstration in Kapstadt am 13.9.1989 zum sichtbarsten Symptom des sogenannten neuen Südafrika geworden. Nach einer allgemeinen Betrachtung der friedlichen Demonstration als essentielles Menschenrecht wird die Versammlungsfreiheit in Südafrika in historischer Perspektive betrachtet: (a) Die Zeit vor der offiziellen Apartheid-Politik (1910-48); (b) Zunehmende Proteste und wachsende Repression (1950er Jahre); (c) Die Unterdrückung der ausserparlamentarischen Opposition (1960er und 1970er Jahre); (d) Das Wiedererwachen des schwarzen Widerstands und die Verhängung des Ausnahmenzustands. Als Wendepunkt werden dann die Protestmärsche seit September 1989 gesehen, deren Art, Ablauf und Zielsetzungen analysiert werden. Besondere Beachtung finden die Rolle der Kirchen, der südafrikanischen Polizei und der Rechtskonservativen. Abschließend wird die politische Funktion der Protestmärsche diskutiert. (DÜI-Hlb)